Harold Bloom's The Western Canon (Bloom)



In 1994, American literary critic and Yale humanities professor Harold Bloom published a book entitled The Western Canon. In it, he defended the very concept of a "canon" by discussing 26 of its central writers (including Shakespeare, Cervantes, Goethe, Tolstoy, Ibsen, and Borges).

At the end of the book is a lengthy appendix--over 35 double-columned pages!--in four parts, containing those writers he considers canonical.

According to Josh Jones (on Open Culture), "Bloom later disavowed the list, claiming that his editor insisted on it." Nevertheless, it's an entertaining exercise, and contains a few gems I hadn't known about before. I'll be busy!

I present Bloom's list here in its entirety, with links to those entries which have Listings. Quotations from Blooms book at the start of each section were selected by ebooks@adelaide, from whom I also copied the list (which I have reformatted).

Bonus: If you can bear it, here's nearly 48 minutes of Bloom discussing the canon with Canadian writer Eleanor Wachtel on the CBC back in 1995.

A. The Theocratic Age: 2000 BCE-1321 CE

"Since the literary canon is at issue here, I include only those religious, philosophical, historical, and scientific writings that are themselves of great aesthetic interest. I would think that, of all the books that are in this first list, once the reader is conversant with the Bible, Homer, Plato, the Athenian dramatists, and Virgil, the crucial work is the Koran...

"I have included some Sanskrit works, scriptures and fundamental literary texts, because of their influence on the Western canon. The immense wealth of ancient Chinese literature is mostly a sphere apart from Western literary tradition and is rarely conveyed adequately in the translations available to us." (Bloom, p. 531)

The Ancient Near East


Ancient India (Sanskrit)


The Ancient Greeks

  • Homer: Iliad; Odyssey
  • Hesiod: Works and DaysTheogony
  • Archilochos: Poems
  • Sappho: Poems
  • Alkman: Poems
  • Pindar: Odes
  • Aeschylus: Oresteia; Seven Against Thebes; Prometheus Bound; Persians; Suppliant Women
  • Sophocles: Oedipus the King; Oedipus at Colonus; Antigone; Electra; Ajax; Women of Trachis; Philoctetes
  • Euripides: Cyclops; Heracles; Alcestis; Hecuba; Bacchae; Orestes; Andromache; Medea; Ion; Hippolytus; Helen; Iphigenia at Aulis
  • Aristophanes: The Birds; The Clouds; The Frogs; Lysistrata; The Knights; The Wasps; The Assemblywomen
  • Herodotus: The Histories
  • Thucydides: The Peloponnesian Wars
  • Heraclitus: Works
  • Empedocles: Works
  • Plato: Dialogues
  • Aristotle: Poetics; Ethics

Hellenistic Greeks


The Romans

  • Plautus: Pseudolus; The Braggart Soldier; The Rope; Amphitryon
  • Terence: The Girl from Andros; The Eunuch; The Mother-in-Law
  • Lucretius: The Way Things Are
  • Cicero: On the Gods
  • Horace: Odes; Epistles; Satires
  • Persius: Satires
  • Catullus: Attis and Other Poems
  • Virgil: Aeneid; Eclogues; Georgics
  • Lucan: Pharsalia
  • Ovid: Metamorphoses; The Art of Love; Heroides
  • Juvenal: Satires
  • Martial: Epigrams
  • Seneca: Tragedies, particularly Medea and Hercules Furens
  • Petronius: Satyricon
  • Apuleius: The Golden Ass

The Middle Ages: Latin, Arabic, and the Vernacular Before Dante



B. The Aristocratic Age: 1321-1832

"It is a span of five hundred years from Dante's Divine Comedy through Goethe's Faust, Part Two [1321-1832], an era that gives us a huge body of reading in five major literatures: Italian, Spanish, English, French, and German. In this and in the remaining lists, I sometimes do not mention individual works by a canonical master, and in other instances I attempt to call attention to authors and books that I consider canonical but rather neglected. From this list onward, many good writers who are not quite central are omitted...." (Bloom, p. 534)

Italy


Portugal


Spain


England and Scotland


France


Germany

  • Erasmus: In Praise of Folly
  • Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von: Faust, Parts One and Two; Dichtung und Wahrheit; Egmont; Elective Affinities; The Sorrows of Young Werther; Poems; Wilhelm Meister's Apprenticeship; Wilhelm Meister's Years of Wandering; Italian Journey; Verse Plays; Hermann and Dorothea; Roman Elegies; Venetian Epigrams; West-Eastern Divan
  • Schiller, Friedrich: The Robbers; Mary Stuart; Wallenstein; Don Carlos; On the Naïve and Sentimental in Literature
  • Lessing, Gotthold: Laocoön; Nathan the Wise
  • Hölderlin, Freidrich: Hymns and Fragments; Selected Poems
  • von Kleist, Heinrich: Five Plays


C. The Democratic Age: 1832-1900

"I have located Vico's Democratic Age in the post-Goethean nineteenth century, when the literature of Italy and Spain ebbs, yielding eminence to England with its renaissance of the Renaissance in Romanticism, and to a lesser degree to France and Germany. This is also the era where the strength of both Russian and American literature begins." (Bloom, p. 540)

Italy

  • Foscolo, Ugo: On Sepulchres; Last Letters of Jacopo Ortis; Odes and The Graces
  • Manzoni, Alessandro: The Betrothed; On the Historical Novel
  • Leopardi, Giacomo: Essays and Dialogues; Poems; The Moral Essays
  • Belli, Giuseppe Gioacchino: Roman Sonnets
  • Carducci, Giosué: Hymn to Satan; Barbarian Odes; Rhymes and Rhythms
  • Verga, Giovanni: Little Novels of Sicily; Mastro-Don Gesualdo; The House by the Medlar Tree; The She-Wolf and Other Stories

Spain and Portugal

  • Bécquer, Gustavo Adolpho: Poems
  • Galdós, Benito Pérez: Fortunata and Jacinta
  • Alas, Leopoldo (Clarín): La Regenta
  • Queirós, José Maria de Eça de: The Maias

France

  • Constant, Benjamin: Adolphe; The Red Notebook
  • Chateaubriand, François-Auguste-René de : Attala; René; The Genius of Christianity
  • Lamartine, Alphonse de: Meditations
  • Vigny, Alfred de: Chatterton; Poems
  • Hugo, Victor: The Distance, the Shadows: Selected Poems; Les Misérables; Notre-Dame of Paris; William Shakespeare; The Toilers of the Sea; The End of Satan; God
  • Musset, Alfred de: Poems; Lorenzaccio
  • Nerval, Gérard de: The Chimeras; Sylvie; Aurelia
  • Gautier, Théophile: Mademoiselle de Maupin; Enamels and Cameos
  • Balzac, Honoré de: The Girl with the Golden Eyes; Louis Lambert; The Wild Ass's Skin; Old Goriot; Cousin Bette; A Harlot High and Low; Eugénie Grandet; Ursule Mirouet
  • Stendhal: On Love; The Red and the Black; The Charterhouse of Parma
  • Flaubert, Gustave: Madame Bovary; Sentimental Education; Salammbô; A Simple Soul
  • Sand, George: The Haunted Pool
  • Baudelaire, Charles: Flowers of Evil; Paris Spleen
  • Mallarmé, Stéphane: Selected Poetry and Prose
  • Verlaine, Paul: Selected Poems
  • Rimbaud, Arthur: Complete Works
  • Corbière, Tristan: Les Armours Jaunes
  • Laforgue, Jules: Selected Writings
  • Maupassant, Guy de: Selected Short Stories
  • Zola, Émile: Germinal; L'Assommoir; Nana

Scandinavia

  • Ibsen, Henrik: Brand; Peer Gynt; Emperor and Galilean; Hedda Gabler; The Master Builder; The Lady from the Sea; When We Dead Awaken
  • Strindberg, August: To Damascus; Miss Julie; The Father; The Dance of Death; The Ghost Sonata; A Dream Play

Great Britain


Germany

  • Novalis (Friedrich von Hardenburg): Hymns to the Night; Aphorisms
  • Grimm, Jacob and Wilhelm: Fairy Tales
  • Mörike, Eduard: Selected Poems; Mozart on His Way to Prague
  • Storm, Theodor: Immensee; Poems
  • Keller, Gottfried: Green Henry; Tales
  • Hoffmann, E. T. A.: The Devil's Elixir; Tales
  • Gotthelf, Jeremias: The Black Spider
  • Stifter, Adalbert: Indian Summer; Tales
  • Schlegel, Friedrich: Criticism and Aphorisms
  • Büchner, Georg: Danton's Death; Woyzeck
  • Heine, Heinrich: Complete Poems
  • Wagner, Richard: The Ring of the Nibelung
  • Nietzsche, Friedrich: The Birth of Tragedy; Beyond Good and Evil; On the Genealogy of Morals; The Will to Power
  • Fontane, Theodor: Effi Briest
  • George, Stefan: Selected Poems

Russia

  • Pushkin, Aleksandr: Complete Prose Tales; Complete Poetry; Eugene Onegin; Narrative Poems; Boris Godunov
  • Gogol, Nikolay: The Complete Tales; Dead Souls; The Government Inspector
  • Lermontov, Mikhail: Narrative Poems; A Hero of Our Time
  • Aksakov, Segey: A Family Chronicle
  • Herzen, Aleksandr: My Past and Thoughts; From the Other Shore
  • Goncharov, Ivan: The Frigate Pallada; Oblomov
  • Turgenev, Ivan: A Sportsman's Notebook; A Month in the Country; Fathers and Sons; On the Eve; First Love
  • Dostoevsky, Fyodor: Notes from the Underground; Crime and Punishment; The Idiot; The Possessed (The Devils); The Brothers Karamazov; Short Novels
  • Tolstoy, Leo: The Cossacks; War and Peace; Anna Karenina; A Confession; The Power of Darkness; Short Novels
  • Leskov, Nikolay: Tales
  • Ostrovsky, Aleksandr: The Storm
  • Chernyshevsky, Nikolay: What is to Be Done?
  • Blok, Aleksandr: The Twelve and Other Poems
  • Chekhov, Anton: The Tales; The Major Plays

The United States



D. The Chaotic Age: 20th Century

"I am not as confident about this list as the first three. Cultural prophecy is always a mug's game. Not all of the works here can prove to be canonical; literary overpopulation is a hazard to many among them. But I have neither excluded nor included on the basis of cultural politics of any kind." (Bloom, p. 548)

Italy

  • Pirandello, Luigi: Naked Masks: Five Plays
  • D'Annunzio, Gabriele: Maia: In Praise of Life
  • Campana, Dino: Orphic Songs
  • Saba, Umberto: Stories and Recollections; Poems
  • Lampedusa, Giuseppe Tomasi di: The Leopard
  • Ungaretti, Giuseppe: Selected Poems; The Buried Harbour: Selected Poems
  • Montale, Eugenio: The Storm and Other Things: Poems; The Occasions: Poems; Cuttlefish Bones: Poems; Otherwise: Last and First Poems; The Second Life of Art: Selected Essays
  • Quasimodo, Salvatore: Selected Writings: Poems and Discourse on Poetry
  • Landolfi, Tommaso: Gogol's Wife and Other Stories
  • Sciascia, Leonardo: Day of the Owl; Equal Danger; The Wine-Dark Sea: Thirteen Stories
  • Pasolini, Pier Paolo: Poems
  • Pavese, Cesare: Hard Labor: Poems; Dialogues with Leucò
  • Levi, Primo: If Not Now, When?; Collected Poems; The Periodic Table
  • Svevo, Italo: The Confession of Zeno; As a Man Grows Older
  • Bassani, Giorgio: The Heron
  • Ginzburg, Natalia: Family
  • Vittorini, Elio: Women of Messina
  • Moravia, Alberto: 1934
  • Zanzotto, Andrea: Selected Poetry
  • Calvino, Italo: Invisible Cities; The Baron in the Trees; If on a Winter's Night a Traveler; t zero
  • Porta, Antonio: Kisses from Another Dream: Poems

Spain

  • Unamuno, Miguel de: Three Exemplary Novels; Our Lord Don Quixote
  • Machado, Antonio: Selected Poems
  • Jiménez, Juan Ramón: Invisible Reality: Poems
  • Salinas, Pedro: My Voice Because of You: Poems
  • Guillén, Jorge: Guillén on Guillén: The Poetry and the Poet
  • Aleixandre, Vicente: A Longing for the Light: Selected Poems
  • Lorca, Federico Garcia: Selected Poems; Three Tragedies: Blood Wedding, Yerma, The House of Bernardo Alba
  • Alberti, Rafael: The Owl's Insomnia: Poems
  • Cernuda, Luis: Selected Poems
  • Hernández, Miguel: Selected Poems
  • Otero, Blas de: Selected Poems
  • Cela, Camilo José: The Hive
  • Goytisolo, Juan: Space in Motion

Catalonia

  • Ribá, Carles: Selected Poems
  • Foix, J. V.: Selected Poems
  • Perucho, Joan: Natural History
  • Rodoreda, Merce: The Time of the Doves
  • Gimferrer, Pere: Selected Poems
  • Espríu, Salvador: La Pell de Brau: Poems

Portugal

  • Pessoa, Fernando: The Keeper of Sheep; Poems; Selected Poems; Always Astonished: Selected Poems; The Book of Disquiet
  • Sena, Jorge de: Selected Poems
  • Saramago, José: Baltasar and Blimunda
  • Pires, José Cardoso: Ballad of Dogs' Beach
  • Breyner, Sophia de Mello: Selected Poems
  • Andrade, Eugénio de: Selected Poems

France

  • France, Anatole: Penguin Island; Thaïs
  • Alain-Fournier: Le Grand Meaulnes
  • Proust, Marcel: Remembrance of Things Past (In Search of Lost Time)
  • Gide, Andre: The Immoralist; Corydon; Lafcadio's Adventure (The Caves of the Vatican); The Journals
  • Colette: Collected Stories; Retreat from Love
  • Bataille, Georges: Blue of Noon
  • Céline, Louis-Ferdinand: Journey to the End of Night
  • Daumal, René: Mount Analogue
  • Genet, Jean: Our Lady of the Flowers; The Thief's Journal; The Balcony
  • Giraudoux, Jean: Four Plays
  • Jarry, Alfred: Selected Works
  • Cocteau, Jean: The Infernal Machine and Other Works
  • Apollinaire, Guillaume: Selected Writings
  • Breton, André: Poems; Manifestoes of Surrealism
  • Valéry, Paul: The Art of Poetry; Selected Writings
  • Char, René: Poems
  • Éluard, Paul: Selected Poems
  • Aragon, Louis: Selected Poems
  • Giono, Jean: The Horseman on the Roof
  • Leiris, Michel: Manhood
  • Radiguet, Raymond: Count d'Orgel's Ball
  • Sartre, Jean-Paul: No Exit; Nausea; Saint Genet; The Words; The Family Idiot: Gustave Flaubert
  • Beauvoir, Simone de: The Second Sex
  • Camus, Albert: The Stranger; The Plague; The Fall; The Rebel
  • Michaux, Henri: Selected Writings
  • Jabès, Edmond: The Book of Questions; Selected Poems
  • Perse, Saint-John: Anabasis; Birds; Exile and Other Poems
  • Reverdy, Pierre: Selected Poems
  • Tzara, Tristan: Seven Dada Manifestoes
  • Jacob, Max: Selected Poems
  • Jouve, Pierre-Jean: Selected Poems
  • Ponge, Francis: Things: Selected Writings
  • Prévert, Jacques: Paroles
  • Jacottet, Philippe: Selected Poems
  • Péguy, Charles: The Mystery of the Charity of Joan of Arc
  • Péret, Bejamin: Selected Poems
  • Malraux, André: The Conquerors; The Royal Way; Man's Fate; Man's Hope; The Voices of Silence
  • Mauriac, François: Therese; The Desert of Love; The Woman of the Pharisees
  • Anouilh, Jean: Becket; Antigone; Eurydice; The Rehearsal
  • Ionesco, Eugène: The Bald Soprano; The Chairs; The Lesson; Amédée; Victims of Duty; Rhinoceros
  • Blanchot, Maurice: Thomas the Obscure
  • Klossowski, Pierre: The Laws of Hospitality; The Baphomet
  • Roussel, Raymond: Locus Solus
  • Artaud, Antonin: Selected Writings
  • Lévi-Strauss, Claude : Tristes Tropiques
  • Robbe-Grillet, Alain: The Voyeur; Jealousy; In the Labyrinth; The Erasers; Project for a Revolution in New York; For a New Novel
  • Sarraute, Nathalie: The Use of Speech; The Planetarium
  • Simon, Claude: The Grass; The Wind; The Flanders Road
  • Duras, Marguerite: The Lover; Four Novels
  • Pinget, Robert: Fable; The Libera Me Domine; That Voice
  • Tournier, Michel: The Ogre; Friday
  • Yourcenar, Marguerite: Coup de Grace; Memoirs of Hadrian
  • Follain, Jean: Transparence of the World: Poems
  • Bonnefoy, Yves: Words in Stone

Great Britain and Ireland

  • Yeats, William Butler: The Collected Poems; Collected Plays; A Vision; Mythologies
  • Shaw, George Bernard: Major Critical Essays; Heartbreak House; Pygmalion; Saint Joan; Major Barbara; Back to Methuselah
  • Synge, John Millington: Collected Plays
  • O'Casey, Sean: Juno and the Paycock; The Plough and the Stars; The Shadow of a Gunman
  • Brown, George Douglas: House with the Green Shutters
  • Hardy, Thomas: The Well-Beloved; The Woodlanders; The Return of the Native; The Mayor of Casterbridge; Far From the Madding Crowd; Tess of the D'Urbervilles; Jude the Obscure; Collected Poems
  • Kipling, Rudyard: Kim; Collected Stories; Puck of Pook's Hill; Complete Verse
  • Housman, A. E.: Collected Poems
  • Beerbohm, Max: Zuleika Dobson; Seven Men and Two Others
  • Conrad, Joseph: Lord Jim; The Secret Agent; Nostromo; Under Western Eyes; Victory
  • Firbank, Ronald: Five Novels
  • Ford, Ford Madox: Parade's End; The Good Soldier
  • Maugham, W. Somerset: Collected Short Stories; The Moon and Sixpence
  • Powys, John Cowper: Wolf Solent; A Glastonbury Romance
  • Saki (H. H. Munro): The Short Stories
  • Wells, H. G.: The Science Fiction Novels
  • Lindsay, David: A Voyage to Arcturus
  • Bennett, Arnold: The Old Wives' Tale
  • De la Mare, Walter: Collected Poems; Memoirs of a Midget
  • Owen, Wilfred: Collected Poems
  • Rosenberg, Isaac: Collected Poems
  • Thomas, Edward: Collected Poems
  • Graves, Robert: Collected Poems; King Jesus
  • Muir, Edwin: Collected Poems
  • Jones, David: In Parenthesis; The Anathemata
  • Galsworthy, John: The Forsyte Saga
  • Forster, E. M.: Howards End; A Passage to India
  • O'Connor, Frank: Collected Stories
  • Lawrence, D. H.: Complete Poems; Studies in Classic American Literature; Complete Short Stories; Sons and Lovers; The Rainbow; Women in Love
  • Woolf, Virginia: Mrs. Dalloway; To the Lighthouse; Orlando: A Biography; The Waves; Between the Acts
  • Joyce, James: Dubliners; Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man; Ulysses; Finnegans Wake
  • Beckett, Samuel: Murphy; Watt; Three Novels: Molloy, Malone Dies, The Unnameable; Waiting for Godot; Endgame; Krapp's Last Game; How It Is
  • Bowen, Elizabeth: Collected Stories
  • Farrell, J. G.: The Siege of Krishnapur
  • Green, Henry: Nothing; Loving; Party Going
  • Waugh, Evelyn: A Handful of Dust; Scoop; Vile Bodies; Put Out More Flags
  • Burgess, Anthony: Nothing Like the Sun
  • Edwards, G. B.: The Book of Ebenezer Le Page
  • Murdoch, Iris: The Good Apprentice; Bruno's Dream
  • Greene, Graham: Brighton Rock; The Heart of the Matter; The Power and the Glory
  • Isherwood, Christopher: The Berlin Stories
  • Douglas, Norman: South Wind
  • Huxley, Aldous: Collected Essays; Antic Hay; Point Counter Point; Brave New World
  • Durrell, Lawrence: Alexandria Quartet
  • Golding, William: Pincher Martin
  • Lessing, Doris: The Golden Notebook
  • Peake, Mervyn: The Gormenghast Trilogy
  • Winterson, Jeanette: The Passion
  • Auden, W. H.: Collected Poems; The Dyer's Hand
  • Fuller, Roy: Collected Poems
  • Ewart, Gavin: Selected Poems
  • Bunting, Basil: Collected Poems
  • Empson, William: Collected Poems; Milton's God; Some Versions of Pastoral
  • Knight, George Wilson: The Wheel of Fire; The Burning Oracle
  • Thomas, R. S.: Poems
  • Kermode, Frank: The Sense of an Ending
  • Smith, Stevie: Collected Poems
  • Prince, F. T.: Collected Poems
  • Larkin, Philip: Collected Poems
  • Davie, Donald: Selected Poems
  • Hill, Geoffrey: Collected Poems
  • Spence, Jonathan: The Death of Woman Wang; The Memory Palace of Matteo Ricci
  • Jennings, Elizabeth: Selected Poems
  • Douglas, Keith: The Complete Poems
  • MacDiarmid, Hugh: Complete Poems
  • MacNeice, Louis: Collected Poems
  • Thomas, Dylan: The Poems
  • Dennis, Nigel: Cards of Identity
  • Heaney, Seamus: Selected Poems: 1969-1987; Field Work; Station Island
  • Kinsella, Thomas: Peppercanister Poems
  • Muldoon, Paul: Selected Poems
  • Montague, John: Selected Poems
  • Arden, John: Plays
  • Orton, Joe: The Complete Plays
  • O'Brien, Flann: The Dalkey Archive; The Third Policeman
  • Stoppard, Tom: Travesties
  • Pinter, Harold: The Caretaker; The Homecoming
  • Bond, Edward: The Fool; Saved
  • Orwell, George: Collected Essays; 1984
  • O'Brien, Edna: A Fanatic Heart

Germany

  • Hofmannsthal, Hugo von: Poems and Verse Plays; Selected Prose; Selected Plays and Libretti
  • Rilke, Rainer Maria: Selected Poetry (including the Duino Elegies); The Sonnets to Orpheus; The Notebooks of Malte Laurids Brigge; New Poems: First Part and Other Part
  • Broch, Hermann: The Sleepwalkers; The Death of Virgil; Hugo von Hofmannsthal and His Time
  • Trakl, Georg: Selected Poems
  • Benn, Gottfried: Selected Poems
  • Kafka, Franz: Amerika; The Complete Stories; The Blue Octavo Notebook; The Trial; The Diaries; The Castle; Parables, Fragments, Aphorisms
  • Brecht, Bertolt: Poems, 1913-1956; The Threepenny Opera; The Good Woman of Setzuan; Mother Courage and Her Children; Galileo; The Caucasian Chalk Circle
  • Schnitzler, Arthur: Plays and Stories
  • Wedekind, Frank: Lulu Plays; Spring Awakening
  • Krauss, Karl: The Last Days of Mankind
  • Eich, Günter: Moles
  • Mann, Thomas: The Magic Mountain; Stories of Three Decades; Joseph and His Brothers; Doctor Faustus; Confessions of Felix Krull, Confidence Man
  • Döblin, Alfred: Berlin Alexanderplatz
  • Hesse, Hermann: The Glass Bead Game (Magister Ludi); Narcissus and Goldmund
  • Musil, Robert: Young Törless; The Man Without Qualities
  • Roth, Joseph: The Radetzky March
  • Celan, Paul: Poems
  • Bernhard, Thomas: Woodcutters
  • Böll, Heinrich: Billiards at Half-Past Nine
  • Bachmann, Ingeborg: In the Storm of Roses
  • Enzensberger, Hans Magnus: Poems for People Who Don't Read Poems
  • Benjamin, Walter: Illuminations
  • Walser, Robert: Selected Stories
  • Wolf, Christa: Cassandra
  • Handke, Peter: Slow Homecoming
  • Frisch, Max: I'm Not Stiller; Man in the Holocene
  • Grass, Günter: The Tin Drum; The Flounder
  • Dürrenmatt, Friedrich: The Visit
  • Bobrowski, Johannes: Shadow Lands

Russia

  • Akhmatova, Anna: Poems
  • Andreyev, Leonid: Selected Tales
  • Bely, Andrey: Petersburg
  • Mandelshtam, Osip: Selected Poems
  • Khlebnikov, Velimir: The King of Time
  • Mayakovsky, Vladimir: The Bedbug and Selected Poetry
  • Bulgakov, Mikhail: The Master and the Margarita
  • Kuzmin, Mikhail: Alexandrian Songs
  • Gorky, Maksim: Reminiscences of Tolstoy, Chekhov, and Andreev; Autobiography
  • Bunin, Ivan: Selected Stories
  • Babel, Isaac: Collected Stories
  • Pasternak, Boris: Doctor Zhivago; Selected Poems
  • Olesha, Yury: Envy
  • Tsvetayeva, Marina: Selected Poems
  • Zoshchenko, Mikhail: Nervous People and Other Satires
  • Platonov, Andrei: The Foundation Pit
  • Solzhenitsyn, Aleksandr: One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich; The Cancer Ward; The Gulag Archipelago; August 1914
  • Brodsky, Joseph: A Part of Speech: Poems

Scandinavia

  • Dinesen, Isak: Winter's Tales; Seven Gothic Tales
  • Nexø, Martin Andersen: Pelle the Conqueror
  • Hamsun, Knut: Hunger; Pan
  • Undset, Sigrid: Kristin Lavransdatter
  • Ekelöf, Gunnar: Guide to the Underworld
  • Tranströmer, Tomas: Selected Poems
  • Lagerkvist, Pär: Barabbas
  • Gustafsson, Lars: Selected Poems

Serbo-Croat

  • Andric, Ivo: The Bridge on the Drina
  • Popa, Vasko: Selected Poems
  • Kis, Danilo: A Tomb for Boris Davidovich

Czech


Polish

  • Schulz, Bruno: The Street of Crocodiles; Sanatorium Under the Sign of the Hourglass
  • Milosz, Czeslaw: Selected Poems
  • Gombrowicz, Witold: Three Novels
  • Lem, Stanislaw: The Investigation; Solaris
  • Herbert, Zbigniew: Selected Poems
  • Zagajewski, Adam: Tremor

Hungarian

  • József, Attila: Perched on Nothing's Branch
  • Juhasz, Ferenc: Selected Poems
  • Németh, Laszlo: Guilt

Modern Greek

  • Cavafy, C. P.: Collected Poems
  • Seferis, George: Collected Poems
  • Kazantzakis, Nikos: The Greek Passion; The Odyssey: A Modern Sequel
  • Ritsos, Yannis: Exile and Return
  • Elytis, Odysseas: What I Love: Selected Poems
  • Sikelianos, Angelos: Selected Poems

Yiddish

  • Aleichem, Sholem: Tevye the Dairyman and The Railroad Stories; The Nightingale
  • Seforim, Mendele Mokher: The Travels and Adventures of Benjamin the Third
  • Peretz, I. L.: Selected Stories
  • Glatstein, Jacob: Selected Poems
  • Halpern, Moshe-Leib: Selected Poems
  • Leivick, H.(Leivick Halpern): Selected Poems
  • Singer, Israel Joshua: The Brothers Ashkenazi; Yoshe Kalb
  • Grade, Chaim: The Yeshiva
  • Ansky, S.: The Dybbuk
  • Leib, Mani: Selected Poems
  • Asch, Sholem: East River
  • Singer, Isaac Bashevis: Collected Stories; In My Father's Court; The Manor, the Estate, the Family Moskat; Satan in Goray

Hebrew

  • Bialik, Hayyim Nahman: Shirot Bialik: The Epic Poems
  • Agnon, S. Y.: In the Heart of the Seas; Twenty-One Stories
  • Appelfeld, Aharon: The Immortal Bartfuss; Badenheim 1939
  • Shabtai, Yaakov: Past Continuous
  • Amichai, Yehuda: Selected Poetry; Travels
  • Yehoshua, A. B.: A Late Divorce
  • Oz, Amos: A Perfect Peace
  • Carmi, T.: At the Stone of Losses
  • Zach, Nathan: Selected Poems
  • Ravikovitch, Dalia: A Dress of Fire
  • Pagis, Dan: Selected Poems
  • Shahar, David: The Palace of Shattered Vessels
  • Grossman, David: See Under: Love
  • Kaniuk, Yoram: His Daughter

Arabic

  • Mahfuz, Najib: Midaq Alley; Fountain and Tomb; Miramar
  • Adunis: Selected Poems
  • Darwish, Mahmud: The Music of Human Flesh
  • Husayn, Taha: An Egyptian Childhood

Latin America

  • Dário, Rubén: Selected Poetry
  • Borges, Jorge Luis: The Aleph and Other Stories; Dreamtigers (The Maker); Ficciones; Labyrinths; A Personal Anthology
  • Carpentier, Alejo: Explosion in a Cathedral; The Lost Steps; Reasons of State; The Kingdom of This World
  • Infante, Guillermo Cabrera: Three Trapped Tigers; View of Dawn in the Tropics
  • Sarduy, Severo: Maitreya
  • Arenas, Reinaldo: The Ill-Fated Peregrinations of Fray Servando
  • Neruda, Pablo: Canto General; Residence on Earth; Twenty Love Poems and a Song of Despair; Fully Empowered; Selected Poems
  • Guillén, Nicolás: Selected Poems
  • Paz, Octavio: The Collected Poems; The Labyrinth of Solitude
  • Vallejo, César: Selected Poems; Spain, Take This Cup from Me
  • Asturias, Miguel Angel: Men of Maize
  • Lima, José Lezama: Paradiso
  • Donoso, José: The Obscene Bird of Night
  • Cortázar, Julio: Hopscotch; All Fires the Fire; Blow-up and Other Stories
  • Márquez, Gabriel García: One Hundred Years of Solitude; Love in the Time of Cholera
  • Llosa, Mario Vargas: The War of the End of the World
  • Fuentes, Carlos: A Change of Skin; Terra Nostra
  • Andrade, Carlos Drummond de: Travelling in the Family

The West Indies

  • James, C. L. R.: The Black Jacobins; The Future in the Present
  • Naipaul, V. S.: A Bend in the River; A House for Mr. Biswas
  • Walcott, Derek: Collected Poems
  • Harris, Wilson: The Guyana Quartet
  • Thelwell, Michael: The Harder They Come
  • Césaire, Aimé: Collected Poetry

Africa

  • Achebe, Chinua: Things Fall Apart; Arrow of God; No Longer at Ease
  • Soyinka, Wole: A Dance of the Forest
  • Tutuola, Amos: The Palm-Wine Drinkard and His Dead Palm-Wine Tapster in the Dead's Town
  • Okigbo, Christopher: Labyrinths, with Path of Thunder
  • Clark, John Pepper (-Bekederemo): Casualties: Poems
  • Armah, Ayi K.: The Beautyful Ones Are Not Yet Born
  • Ngugi, Wa Thiong'o: A Grain of Wheat
  • Okara, Gabriel: The Fisherman's Invocation
  • Gordimer, Nadine: Collected Stories
  • Coetzee, J. M.: Foe
  • Fugard, Athol: A Lesson from Aloes
  • Senghor, Léopold S.: Selected Poems

India (in English)


Canada

  • Lowry, Malcolm: Under the Volcano
  • Davies, Robertson: The Deptford Trilogy; The Rebel Angels
  • Munro, Alice: Something I've Been Meaning to Tell You
  • Frye, Northrop: Fables of Identity
  • Hébert, Anne: Selected Poems
  • Macpherson, Jay: Poems Twice Told
  • Atwood, Margaret: Surfacing
  • Hine, Daryl: Selected Poems

Australia and New Zealand

  • Franklin, Miles (Stella): My Brilliant Career
  • Mansfield, Katherine: The Short Stories
  • Hope, A. D.: Collected Poems
  • White, Patrick: Riders in the Chariot; A Fringe of Leaves; Voss
  • Stead, Christina: The Man Who Loved Children
  • Wright, Judith: Selected Poems
  • Murray, Les A.: The Rabbiter's Bounty: Collected Poems
  • Keneally, Thomas: The Playmaker; Schindler's List
  • Malouf, David: An Imaginary Life
  • Hart, Kevin: Peniel and Other Poems
  • Carey, Peter: Oscar and Lucinda; Illywhacker

The United States

  • Robinson, Edwin Arlington: Selected Poems
  • Frost, Robert: The Poetry
  • Wharton, Edith: Collected Short Stories; The Age of Innocence; Ethan Frome; The House of Mirth; The Custom of the Country
  • Cather, Willa: My Ántonia; The Professor's House; A Lost Lady
  • Stein, Gertrude: Three Lives; The Geographical History of America; The Making of Americans; Tender Buttons
  • Stevens, Wallace: Collected Poems; The Necessary Angel; Opus Posthumous; The Palm at the End of the Mind
  • Lindsay, Vachel: Collected Poems
  • Masters, Edgar Lee: Spoon River Anthology
  • Dreiser, Theodore: Sister Carrie; An American Tragedy
  • Anderson, Sherwood: Winesburg, Ohio; Death in the Woods and Other Stories
  • Lewis, Sinclair: Babbitt; It Can't Happen Here
  • Wylie, Elinor: Last Poems
  • Williams, William Carlos: Spring and All; Paterson; Collected Poems
  • Pound, Ezra: Personae: Collected Poems; The Cantos; Literary Essays
  • Jeffers, Robinson: Selected Poems
  • Moore, Marianne: Complete Poems
  • Doolittle, Hilda (H.D.): Selected Poems
  • Ransom, John Crowe: Selected Poems
  • Eliot, T. S.: The Complete Poems and Plays; Selected Essays
  • Porter, Katherine Anne: Collected Stories
  • Toomer, Jean: Cane
  • Dos Passos, John: U.S.A
  • Aiken, Conrad: Collected Poems
  • O'Neill, Eugene: Lazarus Laughed; The Iceman Cometh; Long Day's Journey Into Night
  • cummings, e. e.: Complete Poems
  • Wheelwright, John B.: Collected Poems
  • Fitzgerald, Robert: Spring Shade: Poems
  • Bogan, Louise: The Blue Estuaries: Selected Poems
  • Adams, Léonie: Poems: A Selection
  • Crane, Hart: Complete Poems and Selected Letters and Prose
  • Tate, Allen: Collected Poems
  • Fitzgerald, F. Scott: Babylon Revisited and Other Stories; The Great Gatsby; Tender is the Night
  • Faulkner, William: As I Lay Dying; Sanctuary; Light in August; Absalom, Absalom!; The Sound and the Fury; The Wild Palms; The Collected Stories; The Hamlet
  • Hemingway, Ernest: Complete Short Stories; A Farewell to Arms; The Sun Also Rises; The Garden of Eden
  • Steinbeck, John: The Grapes of Wrath
  • Hurston, Zora Neale: Their Eyes Were Watching God
  • West, Nathanael: Miss Lonelyhearts; A Cool Million; The Day of the Locust
  • Wright, Richard: Native Son; Black Boy
  • Welty, Eudora: Collected Stories; Delta Wedding; The Robber Bridegroom; The Ponder Heart
  • Hughes, Langston: Selected Poems; The Big Sea; I Wonder as I Wander
  • Wilson, Edmund: The Shores of Light; Patriotic Gore
  • Burke, Kenneth: Counter-statement; A Rhetoric of Motives
  • Mitchell, Joseph: Up in the Old Hotel
  • Cahan, Abraham: The Rise of David Levinsky
  • Boyle, Kay: Three Short Novels
  • Glasgow, Ellen: Barren Ground; Vein of Iron
  • Marquand, John P.: H. M. Pulham, Esquire
  • O'Hara, John: Collected Stories; Appointment in Samarra
  • Roth, Henry: Call It Sleep
  • Wilder, Thornton: Three Plays
  • Warren, Robert Penn: All the King's Men; World Enough and Time; Selected Poems
  • Schwartz, Delmore: Selected Poems: Summer Knowledge
  • Kees, Weldon: Collected Poems
  • Bishop, Elizabeth: The Complete Poems
  • Berryman, John: Collected Poems
  • Bowles, Paul: The Sheltering Sky
  • Jarrell, Randall: Complete Poems
  • Olson, Charles: The Maximus Poems; Collected Poems
  • Hayden, Robert: Collected Poems
  • Lowell, Robert: Collected Poems
  • Roethke, Theodore: Collected Poems; Straw for the Fire
  • Agee, James: Permit Me Voyage; Let Us Now Praise Famous Men
  • Garrigue, Jean: Selected Poems
  • Swenson, May: New & Selected Things Taking Place; In Other Words
  • Duncan, Robert: Bending the Bow
  • Wilbur, Richard: New and Collected Poems
  • Eberhart, Richard: Collected Poems
  • Tolson, M. B.: Harlem Gallery
  • Koch, Kenneth: Seasons on Earth
  • Hara, Frank O': Selected Poems
  • Schuyler, James: Collected Poems
  • Baldwin, James: The Price of a Ticket
  • Bellow, Saul: Seize the Day; The Adventures of Augie March; Herzog
  • Cheever, John: The Stories; Bullet Park
  • Ellison, Ralph: Invisible Man
  • Capote, Truman: In Cold Blood
  • McCullers, Carson: The Ballad of the Sad Cafe; The Heart is a Lonely Hunter
  • O'Connor, Flannery: Complete Stories; The Violent Bear It Away; Wise Blood
  • Nabokov, Vladimir: Lolita; Pale Fire
  • Vidal, Gore: Myra Breckenridge; Lincoln
  • Styron, William: The Long March
  • Salinger, J. D.: The Catcher in the Rye; Nine Stories
  • Morris, Wright: Ceremony in Lone Tree
  • Malamud, Bernard: The Stories; The Fixer
  • Mailer, Norman: Advertisements for Myself; The Executioner's Song; Ancient Evenings
  • Hawkes, John: The Cannibal; Second Skin
  • Gaddis, William: The Recognitions
  • Williams, Tennessee: The Glass Menagerie; A Streetcar Named Desire; Summer and Smoke
  • Miller, Arthur: Death of a Salesman
  • Mayer, Edwin Justus: Children of Darkness
  • Brodkey, Harold: Stories in an Almost Classical Mode
  • LeGuin, Ursula K.: The Left Hand of Darkness
  • Carver, Raymond: Where I'm Calling From
  • Coover, Robert: Spanking the Maid
  • DeLillo, Don: White Noise; Libra; Running Dog; Mao II
  • Crowley, John: Little, Big; Aegypt; Love and Sleep
  • Davenport, Guy: Tatlin!
  • Dickey, James: The Early Motion; The Central Motion
  • Doctorow, E. L.: The Book of Daniel; World's Fair
  • Elkin, Stanley: The Living End
  • Gass, William H.: In the Heart of the Heart of the Country; Omensetter's Luck
  • Hoban, Russell: Riddley Walker
  • Johnson, Denis: Angels; Fiskadoro; Jesus' Son
  • McCarthy, Cormac: Blood Meridian; Suttree; Child of God
  • Kennedy, William: Ironweed; The Albany Cycle
  • Morrison, Toni: Song of Solomon
  • Naylor, Gloria: The Women of Brewster Place
  • Oates, Joyce Carol: Them
  • Percy, Walker: The Moviegoer
  • Paley, Grace: The Little Disturbances of Man
  • Pynchon, Thomas: V; The Crying of Lot 49; Gravity's Rainbow
  • Ozick, Cynthia: Envy, or Yiddish in America; The Messiah of Stockholm
  • Reed, Ishmael: Mumbo Jumbo
  • Roth, Philip: Portnoy's Complaint; My Life as a Man; Zuckerman Bound: A Trilogy and Epilogue; The Counterlife; Patrimony; Operation Shylock
  • Salter, James: Solo Faces; Light Years
  • Stone, Robert: Dog Soldiers; A Flag for Sunrise
  • Barth, John: The Floating Opera; The End of the Road; The Sot-Weed Factor
  • Abish, Walter: Alphabetical Africa; How German Is It; Eclipse Fever; I Am the Dust Under Your Feet
  • Barthelme, Donald: Forty Stories; The Dead Father
  • Disch, Thomas M.: On Wings of Song
  • Theroux, Paul: The Mosquito Coast
  • Updike, John: The Witches of Eastwick
  • Vonnegut, Jr., Kurt: Cat's Cradle
  • White, Edmund: Forgetting Elena; Nocturnes for the King of Naples
  • McCourt, James: Time Remaining
  • Wilcox, James: Modern Baptists
  • Ammons, A. R.: Collected Poems; Selected Longer Poems; Sphere: The Form of a Motion
  • Ashbery, John: The Double Dream of Spring; Houseboat Days; Selected Poems; Flow Chart; Hotel Lautréamont; And the Stars Were Shining
  • Mamet, David: American Buffalo; Speed-the-Plow
  • Rabe, David: Streamers
  • Shepard, Sam: Seven Plays
  • Wilson, August: Fences; Joe Turner's Come and Gone
  • Hecht, Anthony: Collected Earlier Poems
  • Bowers, Edgar: Living Together: New and Selected Poems
  • Justice, Donald: Selected Poems
  • Merrill, James: From the First Nine; The Changing Light at Sandover
  • Merwin, W. S.: Selected Poems
  • Wright, James: Above the River: The Complete Poems
  • Kinnell, Galway: Selected Poems
  • Levine, Philip: Selected Poems
  • Feldman, Irving: New and Selected Poems
  • Hall, Donald: The One Day; Old and New Poems
  • Feinman, Alvin: Poems
  • Howard, Richard: Untitled Subjects; Findings
  • Hollander, John: Reflections on Espionage; Selected Poetry; Tesserae
  • Snyder, Gary: No Nature: New and Selected Poems
  • Simic, Charles: Selected Poems
  • Strand, Mark: Selected Poems; The Continuous Life; Dark Harbor
  • Wright, Charles: The World of the Ten Thousand Things
  • Wright, Jay: Dimensions of History; The Double Invention of Komo; Selected Poems; Elaine's Book; Boleros
  • Clampitt, Amy: Westward
  • Grossman, Allen: The Ether Dome and Other Poems: New and Selected
  • Moss, Howard: New Selected Poems
  • Applewhite, James: River Writing: An Eno Journal
  • McClatchy, J. D.: The Rest of the Way
  • Corn, Alfred: A Call in the Midst of the Crowd
  • Crase, Douglas: The Revisionist
  • Dove, Rita: Selected Poems
  • Moss, Thylias: Small Congregations: New and Selected Poems
  • Hirsch, Edward: Earthly Measures
  • Kushner, Tony: Angels in America


Source: Bloom, Harold. The Western Canon: The Books and School of the Ages. Appendixes. New York: Harcourt Brace & Company, 1994. © 1994 by Harold Bloom

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